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	GEARED UP FOR THE 21ST CENTURY Katherine Benziger, Ph.D., Arlene Taylor During the latter part of the 20th century the emphasis in preventative medicine has been on answering the question, "Can it be done?" Efforts have been geared toward demonstrating that a particular treatment model could achieve the desired outcome. The Preventive Medicine Research Institute, under the direction of Dr. Dean Ornish, has demonstrated that atherosclerosis can be reversed through the use of modalities such as diet, exercise, meditation and stress management. Harvard Medical Center has demonstrated that migraines can be significantly reduced by regular massage. Still other organizations have shown that PMS can be reduced by limiting caffeine intake. As we approach the 21st century the research focus is shifting, in response to diminishing resources and escalating costs. On the one hand, the emphasis is moving toward demonstrating the consistency and predictability with which a specific outcome can be achieved--over time. On the other hand, there is a need to identify broader and more powerful preventive-wellness strategies. In the arena of broad and powerful wellness strategies, a physiological update of C. G. Jung's model is promising to make valuable contributions. From a psychotherapeutic and mental health perspective, it offers the promise of a higher success rate. From a broader societal perspective, it promises to positively impact mental health through increasing job satisfaction and effectiveness; and reducing health care costs through an overall higher state of wellness. As such, the implications reach far beyond simply achieving personal individuation; they reach into the very fabric of beliefs about wellness, wholeness, and the allocation of resources. INTRODUCTION Happily, during the latter part of the 20th century, the power and integrity of C. G. Jung's work is becoming ever more widely recognized. An increasing number of counselors and therapists are seeking to understand and apply what Jung meant by the four functions (sensing, feeling, intuiting, thinking); extraversion/introversion; and falsification of type. This, in order to help clients understand and accept: personality differences that have haunted their lives and caused wounding; their own unique gifts; and the path that will allow them to find and live over the long term with integrity and joy. Even more exciting, given today's scientific climate, is the fact that many recent discoveries about brain function concerning functional specialization, electro-chemical resistance in the cortex; and the arousal system confirm the scientific validity of the very elements of C. G. Jung's model that the broader community of therapists is seeking to understand and apply. A leader in articulating these scientific connections in a useful manner is Dr. Katherine Benziger. PHYSIOLOGICAL ROOTS OF JUNG'S MODEL The initial validating link between the work of C. G. Jung and neurophysiology was originally suggested to Benziger fifteen years ago by Dr. Karl Pribram, then Director of Stanford Behavioral Research labs. Benziger then developed a comprehensive neurophysiologically-based model, which in its present form represents a synthesis of work by Dr. Karl Pribram, Dr. Hans Eysenck of London, Dr. Richard Haier of San Diego and several dozen other less well-known researchers. Importantly, Benziger's work, while powerful and useful, focuses on people's conscious behavior patterns including the use of and respect for: their natural lead or dominant function; their auxiliary and inferior functions. Most especially, Benziger identifies patterns of conscious behavior that indicates the presence or absence of falsification of type. As such, Benziger's work does not address many highly significant areas of Jung's work including the dialog with the unconscious, dreams and arch types. Nonetheless, inasmuch as Benziger's work is proving very useful to non-Jungian therapists, it is assumed that in the hands of a capable analyst, skilled at communing with client's unconscious, their work would be even more helpful. Significantly, the neurophysiological information Benziger identified as validating Jung, combined with her observations of her own clients, led her to make two discoveries of signal importance to those seeking to apply Jung's model to help clients. The discoveries were that: 1. The extended falsification of a person's type, or natural dominant function, has unique, powerful, negative neurophysiological ramifications; and, 2. A significant portion of the adolescent and adult population are falsifying type so completely, that when an effort is made to identify the person's natural lead function - using an assessment like the MBTI or an interview/evaluation by a trained therapist, the functions identified as the person's 'natural lead' is very often not their natural lead, but rather the mode they've chosen to develop and use to survive, fit in or be rewarded. In other words, despite the best intentions of professionals, efforts to apply Jung's model often went off track or were less than effective, inadvertently encouraging the individual to persist in falsifying their type. As a result of her findings, Benziger set about developing a better mousetrap--a tool that would identify an individual's natural lead by measuring the extent and structure of their tendency to falsify over time. The assessment, the Benziger Thinking Styles Assessment (BTSA), also measures and tracks over time the individual's arousal needs (extraversion, introversion); and pervasive mood or emotional disposition (enthusiasm, anger, anxiety, grief). In the past ten years therapists and psychologists using the BTSA have demonstrated that the BTSA can help clients distinguish, validate, and use specific core aspects of the self - namely their natural extraversion or natural introversion and their natural dominant function, potentials Jung believed must be identified and realized in order for an individual to individuate and thrive. The instrument has been shown to provide, a jump-start advantage for both the therapist and client as it allows the therapist to accurately and empathetically mirror the client's type, as well as, his emotional state, self-confidence and trust that the world accepts and values these parts of his self. As such, it seems that using the BTSA to apply Jung's model could enable not only individual therapist to be more successful with clients, but as well heath-care organizations to structure their therapeutic modalities in a way that would predict individual success rates but that would also assist participants in achieving desired outcomes on a consistent basis by learning to consciously embrace and leverage their natural dominant function while carefully managing their use of their non-dominant functions, most especially their inferior function to maximize their mental and physical health and reduce their extent to which they falsify type. Because Benziger's model and the BTSA build on an in-depth understanding of the dynamic neurophysiology undergirding several important elements of Jung's work; a summary of neurophysiology is given below. After these have been covered we will return to explore what and how the BTSA uses this information to measure the Falsification of Type, as well as links between Benziger's work and that of other prominent Jungians. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS Functional specialization in the brain has long been an accepted fact. It should not be surprising, therefore, that the current wave of brain research in the United States and elsewhere shows Jung's four specialized functions to be the visible/audible expression of four specialized sections of tissue within the cortex. Thinking and Intuition are rooted respectively in the much-touted Left Frontal and Right Frontal Lobes, referred to in the Benziger Model as Frontal modes. Sensing and Feeling are rooted in the Left and Right Posterior Cortical Convexities, referred to in the Benziger Model as Basal Modes. (Refer to Illustration 1). TWO ATTITUDINAL DIRECTIONS Studies by Hans Eysenck have demonstrated that each individual possesses a natural, stable level of arousal when awake. Arousal levels vary from person to person. Those who are very alert when they are awake, who have a high level of internal arousal, called "diminishers" by some contemporary neuroresearchers, are seen as introverted. In reality, they take in so much information second per second, that they can be overwhelmed by "loud noises" and "very busy environments". Thus, they typically select environments that have lower volumes of stimulation. Individuals who have low levels of arousal, by contrast, are not very alert even when awake, but are seen as extraverted because they actually seek out additional, external sources of stimulation in order to achieve an optimal level of inner wakefulness. As such, it can be said physiologically that both extraverts and introverts ay "yes" to life - they just do so in different ways. Moreover, because the arousal system is altered by the experience of fight or flight, prolonged exposure to anxiety-inducing situations tends to raise one's arousal level leading to a developed, temporary increase in the person's introversion. This anxiety-induced introversion would appear to be the basis for Jung and others sensing that introversion is saying no to life. Significantly, when the source of anxiety is resolved, the individual's naturally preferred stable state reasserts itself. This shifting of the individual along a continuum is consistent with Dr. Verena Kast's observation that "careful study of Jung's theory of types does not permit the categorical description of a person as either introverted or extraverted. (Rather) these are poles between which we exist, sometimes closer to the extraverted side, sometimes closer to the introverted side." (Joy, Inspiration and Hope, p. 19). Indeed, due to the intimate physiological link between anxiety and arousal, Benziger's finding is that "under chronic anxiety, the individual moves towards increased introversion; under chronic safety the individual moves toward increased extraversion". Intriguingly, Eysenck found that in terms of innate arousal level, the population is distributed along a continuum based on a normal curve. Thus, only fifteen percent of the population are naturally extremely aroused (introverted); and only fifteen percent, only minimally aroused (extraverted); while the majority, seventy percent have more balanced arousal levels, and as such, more moderate stimulation needs. THE INNATE DOMINANT FUNCTION Research on cortical neurotransmitters has revealed that individuals possess differing levels of electrical resistance within their brain. Such that one region appears to enjoy a natural dominance to a result of its natural ease of function stemming from its naturally lower level of electrical resistance. When using a skill managed predominantly by the area in which there is a lower level of electrical resistance, the individual processes information more easily. By contrast, higher levels of metabolic activity are required when the individual performs a task that derives from a region in which there is a higher level of electrical resistance. Electrical efficiency is enhanced by competency development (e.g. practice towards mastery). Nevertheless, powerful, innate differences in efficiency exist that cannot easily be explained or overcome by mere competency development. The work of Richard Haier suggests that the naturally dominant mode is one hundred times more efficient in the ratio of energy consumption than the person's non-dominant modes. Conversely, when one is working from a non-preferred mode, the effort can consume one hundred times more metabolic energy. These findings pave the way to a deeper understanding of the costs incurred by the individual who regularly, daily falsifies type. FALSIFICATION OF TYPE Jung described the chronic violation of a person's innate disposition as the falsification of type and explained that: As a rule, whenever such a falsification of type takes place as the result of external influence, the individual later becomes neurotic and a cure can successfully be sought only in the development of the attitude (e.g. function) that corresponds with the individual's natural way. . .In the last analysis it may well be that physiological causes, inaccessible to our knowledge (in 1926) play a part in this. That this may be the case seems not improbable in view of one's experience that a reversal of type often proves exceedingly harmful to the physiological well-being of the organism, often provoking an acute state of exhaustion (see Jung, Psychological Types, pp. 415-416). Clearly, Jung was intuitively aware of these significantly higher energy demands placed on the brain when using a non-preferred function. To more fully understand Falsification of Type and its significance, it is helpful to: first establish the relationship between falsification from invalidation; then distinguish Falsification of Type from the other kinds of falsification. Invalidation is any reaction from one's environment or one's self that implies one is not "ok" or of value. It often occurs when an individual is a misfit in some way relative to the majority of persons in his community or group. Thus, a person can be invalidated by his environment because of traits that are innate and non-negotiable (e.g. gender, race, height, natural hair color, eye color and natural lead function) as well as traits that are the result of his life experience (e.g. education, socio-economic level, weight and dress). Regardless of the source, invalidation causes internal turmoil and stress. These, in turn can lead an individual to seek to modify or falsify the invalidated trait in order to fit in and/or be rewarded. When invalidated by male business associates because of her gender, a female may dress in a more masculine style and use male language to increase her chances of being accepted. A natural brunette who feels unattractive may bleach her hair to appear more sexually attractive. A man who is only 5 feet tall who experiences chronic invalidation as a child and adult as a result of his size, may wear lifts in his shoes. And, a natural feeling male who is teased and invalidated as a sissy, may counter by developing a set of thinking skills and entering a thinking profession such as law or business. Not all chronic invalidation leads to falsification, but much does. The problem is that while certain types of falsification (changing one's pattern of dress and speech, bleaching one's hair, wearing lifts) may have "no negative results" from a neurophysiological perspective as far as we know, Falsification of Type places highly specific and severe physiological demands on the human organism - as a result of the inappropriate, persistent increase in oxygen uptake by the brain when falsifying, (i.e. using a function that does not enjoy a naturally low level of electrochemical resistance and thereby naturally efficient use of that function). Thus, Falsification of Type compounds the psychological problem rooted in the experience of emotional pain that accompanies chronic invalidation, with a physiological one that weakens the system as a whole and leaves the person less and less able to enjoy life. Jung himself observed that the cost of Falsification of Type in terms of fatigue as well as neuroses was substantial and could only be corrected by the person embracing his natural lead function. He sensed that these costs were rooted in neurophysiology. Benziger's work identifies that neurophysiology and clarifies why it leads inexorably to exhaustion. Significantly, the work of other contemporary neuropsychologists, such as Sapolsky, Justice, Chopra, Csikszentmihalyi, Ornstein, Sobel and Goleman, allude to this high cost. Indeed, many also suggest that owning, honoring, and utilizing innate gifts may be the most effective method to efficaciously manage energy and sustain wellness. The problem is that other researchers have lacked a comprehensive model and assessment that would allow persons to identify their natural gifts. Instead, they have tended to simply encourage persons to pay more attention to what they enjoy and what they do not enjoy. By contrast, Benziger's identification of the neurophysiological bases for Jung's two directions and four functions allows a person to more rapidly and effectively identify not only their natural lead function, but as well their current arousal level, their natural arousal level, as well as a generalized family of capabilities that can be derived by connecting their arousal level with their lead function and lead sense. The unique value of this combination portrait, which Benziger refers to as core contributions, is that it allows an individual to find value in what he likes to do even if those around him do not. One client, a philosopher-architect-entrepreneur and self-made millionaire, in discussing his extraverted intuitive gifts with Benziger dissolved in tears as he listened to her clarify how it's penchant for perceiving the abstract pattern in reality meant that when his immediate reality was generally focused in a more left brain manner (i.e. he to try to be smart by focussing on the energetic pattern of those present and possibly laugh when he noticed one of the managers nonverbal gestures and tones suggested an angry lion). To this highly successful businessman, Benziger was the "first person who has truly nderstood how I thought and known that it was ok". Over the past decade Benziger, Taylor and others have helped hundreds of individual clients to increase their wellness, joy and life satisfaction by teaching them about their natural lead, as well as, where appropriate, assisting them to understand the costs of Falsification; how to stop falsifying; and begin to consciously reembrace, value and use their natural lead. MEASURING FALSIFICATION OF TYPE The Benziger Thinking Styles Assessment (BTSA) was designed to help individuals increase their general effectiveness; collaborative skills, and overall well-being through enhanced self-awareness and understanding. Individuals are helped to apply the work of Jung to their own lives in a new and empowering way. The BTSA also tracks movement, revealing shifts in extraversion/introversion due to chronic anxiety or falsification. It provides a glimpse at the motivation behind the extraverts entrance into therapy, as many such extraverts have become markedly more introverted as a result of living under chronic anxiety for at least 2-3 years before they elect to enter therapy. Again, such movement is not only consistent with Kast's experimental observations concerning clients moving back and forth at different times in their lives, as well it appears to be both diagnostic and predictive. Diagnostic in that it identifies a piece of the new client's as yet unknown history, in that it suggests the person who is currently more introverted than as an adolescent has been under chronic anxiety. Indeed, the extent of the lessening of extraversion can be a powerful measure of the amount of anxiety and or the length of time the person has been under anxiety. Predictive in that it says that in the future when the source of anxiety has been resolved the client will naturally, effortlessly find himself again more extraverted and be able to "depend on" the natural skills and personal benefits that accompany being a more extraverted person: the ability to enjoy crowds, to close a sale and to create a vigorous, active social life. Of course, with person's who are naturally introverted, and whose data shows them to be natural, life-long introverted, one would not predict such a reemergence of extraversion. Significantly, Benziger's work suggests that over half of the population may be falsifying at some level. No wonder so many individuals are less than successful. No wonder this stress is being expressed in decreased emotional and physical health. Invalidation and joylessness stem directly from rarely, if ever, being honored and rewarded for one's innate lead function and giftedness, compounded by a building exhaustion from falsifying. The prevalence of Falsification in today's client population places a new light on both psychological and medical treatment failures. There is a sense among many professionals that, over time, there is a high rate of unexplained treatment failures. One explanation may be that the guiding psychologist or analyst may be empathetically mirroring the wrong function, while medical treatment modalities attempt to achieve wellness by salving and bandaging woundedness without addressing the fundamental way in which the individual is being forced to live a falsified life. Stress-management training provides an excellent example. Most individuals benefit from learning techniques designed to decrease the impact of stressors to the human organism. If the stress being experienced by the brain, however, is due to falsification (prolonged or excessive adaption), stress management techniques may be only marginally successful over the long term. Success can be significantly enhanced when the stressor (e.g. brain lead mismatch with societal expectations) is identified and counseling provided to help the individual honor and reown innate dominant function. PRACTICAL APPLICATION In order to utilize metabolic energy efficiently, avoid burnout/mid-life crisis, and perhaps prevent illness/disease it is critically important for on (extraversion/introversion), and patterns of excessive adaption (falsification), if any. To the extent that treatment models can identify these key aspects, the assistance provided to participants can be more precisely directed toward matching individual preferences with the appropriate modalities designed to achieve consistently successful outcomes. The specific knowledge that can be gained through the use of the BTSA can enhance the ability of therapy to promote healing at this foundational level. As such, it may be the most exciting modality for practical application for prevention and treatment that has emerged during this century. Further, health-care organizational platforms designed with an emphasis on prevention rather than on treatment, can use this information to potentially reduce disease in its member population. Individual participants can be helped to identify innate giftedness and to course-correct away from excessive adaption thus minimizing energy drain and avoiding consequences related to being out of harmony with the self's optimal style of functioning. RESONANCE WITH CURRENT JUNGIAN THOUGHT Benziger's work resonates strongly with the current work of other Jungians, most especially the work of Drs. John Beebe and Verena Kast. In his highly perceptive and sensitive Integrity in Depth, Beebe discusses what he calls "the ecology of integrity" (Integrity in Depth, p. 27), suggesting our pervasive social fascination with integrity may be rooted in many of us living lives fundamentally lacking integrity, which he notes requires one to live in harmony with one's nature, embracing and affirming it honestly. Linking joy and ecstasy with integrity on the one hand, and discomfort and exhaustion with the violation of integrity on the other, Beebe points out that intelligence consists in acting according to (one's) nature. Beebe notes that each of us experiences bodily sensations that point to the reality of inner psychic boundaries, such that a violation of our self whether inflicted from without by another person's treatment of us, or from within by our own denial of a core piece of our identity, will be felt through bodily sensations. "The bodily sensations and the associations point to the reality of inner psychic boundaries, which require respectful We may not know we have a self until it becomes anxious, angry--or until it has been raped." (Integrity in Depth, p. 19) As such Beebe quite accurately suggests that "A proper starting point for the discovery of integrity is the experience of anxiety." Adding that "In the language of psychoanalysis, this uneasiness is both a signal anxiety, telling us the self is in danger, and a separation anxiety. . ., an unconscious perception of the separation from the self." (Integrity in Depth, p. 33) Although Beebe is talking about integrity in all its forms, with respect to all aspects of the self, not just with respect to one's type, one could argue that falsification (as identified by Jung and discussed by Benziger at length elsewhere) is a significant way in which individuals compromise their personal integrity. Moreover, as the pervasive rewards in our culture encourage people, most especially intuitives and feelers, to falsify more than others, abandoning their natural lead function in favor of sensation or thinking that are believed to be more useful by many employers and educators in the "industrialized world", one might hypothesize that all else equal, these person's in industrialized nations would experience more psychological trauma and physiological exhaustion than those with gifts in thinking or sensing. Thus, when Beebe comments that "patients expect a therapist to uphold integrity in the analytic relationship" (p. 20) and "In present day analytical psychology, our interest in taking the active role in relation to the self - meeting it with mirroring empathy and active interest" it becomes poignantly clear that at least form the perspective of type one can hardly "mirror with empathy" (p. 18) if one has accepted the persona of the false type as the client's natural lead function. Indeed, one can anticipate that even the best intentions by a professional who mistakenly affirms a client's falsified type as natural, will be met with a lack of enthusiasm and or a lack of success. Indeed, it is just this type of problem that Beebe recounts when working with a female client who he had identified as an introverted Intuitive. Moreover, when he finally discovered that her natural lead was actually Feeling and began mirroring feeling messages to her, her interest and progress increased noticeably. Moreover, it is seemingly these experiences with clients that have lead Beebe to conclude with LaoTsu that "intelligence consists in living in accord with nature" (p. 29) or more specifically with our individual "God-granted nature". (p. 55) When considering Beebe's observations, one might add that anxiety can occur because one's personal history leads one to anticipate shaming of invalidation with respect to some non-negotiable aspect of one's self (one's height, one's race, one's sex, one's hair color, one's introversion, one's natural lead function) or because one is falsifying in an attempt to survive, fit in or be rewarded and is anxious that one's true colors will be discovered. The additional, physiologically rooted elements that accompany the falsification of type and distinguish it from any other type of falsification, are the anxiety that one will make a mistake because of the tremendous additional energy required to consistently use an auxiliary or inferior function, given the markedly higher levels of resistance that characterize them, and the subsequent chronic fatigue or exhaustion which comes from the additional energy consumption and from the subsequent lack of oxygen for the rest of the body to remain fully active and energetic. Given the above mentioned tendency in industrialized nations to encourage so many to falsify type from a very early age, to be responsible, dependable performers, despite the powerful internal sensations that accompany the awareness of having to "think" in spite of the difficulty in focusing or attending, that caution one that he is violating type by seeking to use a function other than his natural lead, it is possible to suggest that falsification of type stands out as a very special type of violation of integrity that fostered early in life by authority figures (parents, teachers, supervisors) lays the ground work for an individual to ignore the very warning signals (physical sensations) that would otherwise caution him that he is out of integrity and his identity and integrity are at risk. In other words, when a young intuitive or feeler in a classroom focused on mastering spelling and reading experiences the first internal signals (difficulty concentrating, physical disease) but is encouraged to "behave and be a good student", he is likely to experience stronger signals based on the physiology of type in particular (fatigue and possible headaches). If he expresses the difficulty and is encouraged to try anyway, rather than met with a mirroring empathy that affirms these tasks are not his natural gifts and perhaps it would be good for him to stop for a time to do something that more naturally, he is taught to deny the warning system. If this hypothesis is true, it goes far to explain why so many people seem to be able to live persistently out of integrity: they have shut down or blocked their awareness of it. Just as other people stop feeling because some of the feelings are too painful and subsequently not only cannot feel pain, but sadly, clearly cannot feel joy either. So too, seemingly, the person who denies the bodily sensations of his type's integrity being violated, is less likely to notice when he's in a situation that fosters some other type of violation, such as robbing, hurting or inflicting pain on others. And, if this is true, it would suggest that one way to handle the increasing social problem with violence would be to actively encourage everyone to embrace and honor rather than deny the signals that affirm they are violating their natural type. Although the work of Dr. Verena Kast on Joy, Inspiration and Hope appears at first to be very different from Beebe's on integrity; the physiological link between integrity and joy or pleasure, observed by Beebe and confirmed by Benziger with respect to type, suggests a connection. Kast refers to a broad range of factors, any of which can disturb mood by putting the individual out of harmony. Surely pressures to falsify type would be among the more dangerous, mood disturbing elements that could threaten what Kast calls our "biopsychosocial unity" (p. 26) in which the individual's emotional state of mind or mood registers the extent to which who he is at a fundamental level is in tune with what he is doing and with his environment. Thus, Kast argues although: "we make an ideal of even temperament, . . .I would urge you to think about whether mood swings might not have an important function, (for). . .a mood swing can be a reliable indicator that shows us when things are out of place or something is wrong (stimmt nicht)." (p. 25) Moreover, if what is wrong is that our fundamental approach to life, our natural dominant function is ignored, devalued or shamed, then Kast is most certainly correct from the perspective of typology when she says: "the idea. . .is that some emotions predominate throughout our entire lifetime or, to put it in terms of the theory of complexes, some basic themes in our lives present persistent difficulties" (p. 30) because our natural dominant function is persistently devalued by the modern, industrialized world. For assuredly in this modern world that values thinking and sensing above all else, those predisposed to use intuition or feeling generally experience persistent difficulty in the form of persistent: invalidation; a lack of opportunity to develop, use and be rewarded for using their natural lead. What's more, Kast, like Beebe, affirms that his lack of support for who we are is noted by and in the body as "emotions always involve the body" and the "body doesn't lie" (p. 12). Moreover, in discussing her clients' and students' autobiographies of joy, Kast confirms Beebe's and Benziger's observations that a person using his natural dominant function experiences pleasure, when she notes: "The first source of joy that occurred to many was delight in themselves. . .arising naturally in connection with abilities. . .(as exampled by a) respondent (who said), 'When I am creative I feel great.' " (p. 49) One is reminded of Csikszentmihalyi's observations on flow, suggesting that when something comes relatively effortlessly, so much so that the person is totally absorbed in what he is doing, loses track of time, people generally experience feeling a sense of great joy or pleasure that is distinct from all others. Moreover, if Benziger's work on the frequency of falsification is accurate, that 40-60 percent of the population are falsifying type, then perhaps one reason so little has been written about emotions of elation (while anxiety, grief, and rage have been investigated much more thoroughly) is that in modern society, many individuals are living a lie. They are violating their own integrity, abandoning their true natural lead function and falsifying type in an attempt to be successful. One wonders what Kast had in mind when she suggests that fluctuations of mood are a sign that something has gone out of tune and that something in our lives must be changed to put us back in tune again. If a majority of the population are falsifying at least to some degree, and a significant portion are falsifying to a large degree, it is no wonder that moods are a problem in today's society. The lack of validation for innate giftedness complicated by the exhaustion from falsifying could certainly be enough to push one toward irritability and even depression. SUMMARY Built-in physiologically-grounded guidance systems try to keep each individual living in a harmony. When something works or feels right, it is often an activity that uses our natural lead function and as such, one that supports rather than violates our individual integrity. For the most part, today's population is encouraged from an early age to ignore this primary internal guidance system. Human beings are taught at early ages to ignore natural gifts. When society doesn't reward individual giftedness, and, in fact, often provides incentives for being out of integrity with the self, a significant portion of its members are set up for excessive or prolonged falsification. When individuals use their natural giftedness and honor brain lead, as well as, extraversion/introversion level, they experience physiological ease (integrity). When they are not over center, they experience physiological disease - a violation of individual integrity. To the extent that individuals ignore integrity and move toward falsification of self, they set themselves up to survive at less than optimal levels in which their lives are overshadowed by moods driven by anger, anxiety, fear and hopelessness. In such states, they can miss the exciting and rewarding journey of thriving. In a broader sense, the practical application of this physiological update to Jung's work may hold the key to the relative presence or absence of collective integrity. The potential for healing that this model provides may, in and of itself, be one of the most exciting concepts to come out of the latter portion of the 20th century. It has the potential to provide an ultimate impact on the successes of the individual and the world community in the 21st century. ABOUT THE AUTHORS Isabel Katherine Benziger, Ph.D., was raised in an environment richly influenced by the work of C. G. Jung. Her maternal grandmother, studied with Jung in Switzerland in 1933; her mother, with Murray Stein at Chicago's C. G. Jung Institute. Katherine's paternal heritage is equally rich. The Benziger family of Einsiedln, Switzerland, known for some 400 years as the Roman Catholic Publisher contributed many of its members to the church as spiritual counselors and leaders. Against this backdrop, Benziger developed the BTSA and has made a significant contribution to the body of knowledge about depression. Arlene R. Taylor, Ph.D., has lectured on brain function, the immune system, and a variety of personal growth topics for the past twenty-five years. An internationally know speaker, radio talk-show host, and published author she has worked closely with Benziger since 1989 and is licensed to score/interpret the BTSA. Taylor founded and directs The Brain and Innate Giftedness Program at The Health Center at St. Helena Hospital. In the serene rural environment of the world-famous Napa Valley, participants are assisted in identifying innate giftedness and are given practical strategies for moving away from falsification to boundless thriving. ADDITIONAL READING SOURCES Beebe, John. Integrity in Depth. College Station, Texas A & M University Press: TX 1992. Benziger, Katherine. Falsification of Type. La Salle University Library: LA 1995. _____. The BTSA User Manual. KBA Publishing: TX 1993. Chopra, Deepak. Ageless Body. Timeless Mind. Harmony Books: NY 1993. Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper Collins Publishers: NY 1982. Eysenck, Hans J. and Jan Strelau (Editors). Personality Dimensions and Arousal. Plenum Publishing Corporation: 1987. Goleman, Daniel. Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books: NY 1995. Jung, Carl G. Psychological Types. Harcourt, Brace & Company, Inc.: NY 1926. Justice, Blair. Who Gets Sick? Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc.: CA 1988. Kast, Verena. Joy, Inspiration and Hope. College Station, Texas A & M University: TX 1991. Ornstein, Robert and David Sobel. The Healing Brain. Simon and Schuster: NY 1987. Sapolsky, Robert M. Why Zebra's Don't Get Ulcers. W. H. Freeman and Company: NY 1994. Copyright 1996 Katherine Benziger Ph.D. and Arlene Taylor Ph.D.
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